Science and Religion Essay Example

Science and Religion Essay RELIGION and science are sometimes assumed mortal enemies. To some they appear locked in a struggle of such magnitude that it may seem that one will triumph only by the death of the other. In one camp are some scientists, such as chemist Peter Atkins, who feel that reconciling religion and science is â€Å"impossible.† Atkins says that to believe â€Å"that God is an explanation (of anything, let alone everything) is intellectually contemptible.† (as quoted by Russel, 45) In another camp are religious people who blame science for the destruction of faith. Such individuals hold to the opinion that science as practiced today is a deception; its facts may be correct, but the misinterpretation of those facts undermines the beliefs of the faithful. For instance, biologist William Provine says that Darwinism means â€Å"no ultimate foundation for ethics; no ultimate meaning for life.† (as quoted by McGrath, 41) However, some of the conflict has developed because of false or not provable assertions originating from both sides. For centuries, religious leaders have taught mythical legends and erroneous dogmas that are at odds with modern scientific findings and not based on inspired Scripture. For example, the Roman Catholic Church condemned Galileo because he concluded, correctly, that the earth revolves around the sun. Galileo’s view in no way contradicted the Bible, but it was contrary to what the church taught at the time. On the other hand, scientists are at fault when they teach as fact the ‘not-provable’ theory that life evolved from inanimate matter independent of God. They ridicule religious faith as unscientific. Is it possible, then, to reconcile science and religion? Yes, it is. Actually, proven science and true religion complement rather than contradict each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Science and Religion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Science and Religion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Science and Religion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Similarities and Differences of Science and Religion BOTH science and religion, in their noblest forms, involve the search for truth. Science discovers a world of magnificent order, a universe that contains distinctive marks of intelligent design. True religion makes these discoveries meaningful by teaching that the mind of the Creator lies behind the design manifest in the physical world. â€Å"I find my appreciation of science is greatly enriched by religion,† says Francis Collins, a molecular biologist. He continues: â€Å"When I discover something about the human genome, I experience a sense of awe at the mystery of life, and say to myself, ‘Wow, only God knew before.’ It is a profoundly beautiful and moving sensation, which helps me appreciate God and makes science even more rewarding for me.† (as quoted by McGrath, 42-43) What will help one to reconcile science and religion? Among the basic concerns of both science and religion is the theory concerning astronomy as well as to how the universe came forth. It could be noticed how different both sides are upon seeing the possibilities of the coming forth of an awesome universe which is being studied by science right now. However, recent results on researches in science have paved way to the potential of the so-called ‘religious belief’, which could be in direct connection with what science have discovered just recently. These are times of astonishment on a scale previously unknown. New discoveries from space are forcing astronomers to revise their views of the origin of our universe. Many people are fascinated with the cosmos and are asking the ancient questions that are raised by people’s existence in it: How did the universe and life come about and why? Even if people look in the other direction, the recent mapping of the human genetic code raises the questions: How were the multitudes of life forms created? Moreover, who, if anyone, created them? The sheer complexity of the genetic blueprint of humans moved a U.S. president to say, â€Å"We are learning the language in which God created life.† (as quoted by Raman, 47) One of the chief scientists involved in the genetic decoding humbly remarked: â€Å"We have caught the first glimpse of our own instruction book, previously known only to God.† (Barbour, 21) However, the questions persist—how and why? Some scientists claim that all the workings of the universe can be explained by rational analysis, leaving no room for divine wisdom. However, many people, including scientists, are not comfortable with that view. They attempt to comprehend reality by looking to both science and religion. They feel that science deals with the how of our existence and of the cosmos around us, while religion deals principally with the why. Explaining this dual approach, physicist Freeman Dyson said: â€Å"Science and religion are two windows that people look through trying to understand the big universe outside.† â€Å"Science deals with the measurable, religion deals with the immeasurable,† suggested author William Rees-Mogg. (as quoted by Raman, 22) He said: â€Å"Science can neither prove nor disprove the existence of God, any more than it can prove or disprove any moral or aesthetic proposition. There is no scientific reason to love one’s neighbor or to respect human life . . . To argue that nothing exists which cannot be proved scientifically is the crudest of errors, which would eliminate almost everything we value in life, not only God or the human spirit, but love and poetry and music.† (as quoted by Raman, 23) It is fitting to have proper respect for scientific knowledge and achievements. However, many will agree that while science involves a way of knowing, it is not the only source of knowledge. The purpose of science is to describe phenomena in the natural world and to assist in answering how these phenomena occur. Science provides us with insights into the physical universe, meaning everything that is observable. Nevertheless, no matter how far scientific investigation goes, it can never answer the question of purpose—why the universe exists in the first place. â€Å"There are some questions that scientists can never answer,† remarks author Tom Utley. â€Å"It may be that the Big Bang happened 12  billion years ago. However, why did it happen? .  .  . How did the particles get there in the first place? What was there before?† Utley concludes: â€Å"It seems.  .  . clearer than ever that science will never satisfy the human hunger for answers.† (Russell, 47) Scientific knowledge gained through such inquisitiveness, far from disproving the need for a God, has only served to confirm what a fantastically complex, intricate, and awe-inspiring world we live in. Many thinking people find it plausible to conclude that the physical laws and chemical reactions as well as DNA and the amazing diversity of life all point to a Creator. There is irrefutable proof to the contrary. If there is a Creator behind the universe, we cannot expect to comprehend him or his purposes by using telescopes, microscopes, or other scientific instruments. Think of a potter and a vase that he has formed. No amount of examination of the vase itself can give an answer as to why it was made. For that, we must ask the potter himself. Molecular biologist Francis Collins explains how faith and spirituality can help fill the void science leaves: â€Å"I would not expect religion to be the right tool for sequencing the human genome and by the same token would not expect science to be the means to approaching the supernatural. However, on the interesting larger questions, such as ‘Why are we here?’ or ‘Why do human beings long for spirituality?’ I find science unsatisfactory. Many superstitions have come into existence and then faded away. Faith has not, which suggests it has reality.† (as quoted by Russell, 45) Functions of the Scientific and Religious theories In an overall context, it could be considered that both Science and Religion play a great role in the human society. Their existence in the society makes it possible for man to understand things that are occurring around him. Certainly, it could then be identified that both sectors could be considered as functional factors for the human life. How? Science continues to discover ways by which man could understand the system of things that evolve around him, along with this, the ability of Science to uncover the mysteries that man used to misunderstand has helped humanity progress a lot with regards to the new inventions of technology, which are patterned from the different theoretical claims of Science. On the other hand, Religion functions as a social regulator. The Bible, which is known to be the basis of most existing religions in the human society, also uncovers the mysteries behind life and creation, which dated back much earlier than science. Hence, most Scientists consider the Bible fallacious because, according to them, the Bible does not provide much strong evidence to its claims. However, upon discovering reality through the processes that scientists believe t be authenticated, they finally understand that what the Bible claims to be true is indeed real since the evidences which they find out pertain to the claims of the Bible. This fact could be regarded through the progress. By the ninth century, Arab scientists were fast becoming the leaders in matters of science. Particularly during the 10th and 11th centuries—while Christendom marked time—they enjoyed a golden age of accomplishment. They made valuable contributions to medicine, chemistry, botany, physics, astronomy, and above all, mathematics. Maan Z.  Madina, associate professor of Arabic at Columbia University, says, â€Å"Modern trigonometry as well as algebra and geometry are in considerable measure Arab creations.† (as quoted by Eliade, 41) Much of this scientific knowledge was original. However, some of it was based on the broad foundation of Greek philosophy and was brought about, strangely enough, by religious involvement. Comparatively early in the Common Era, Christendom spread into Persia and afterward into Arabia and India. During the fifth century, Nestorius, the patriarch of Constantinople, became embroiled in a controversy that led to a schism within the Eastern Church. This led to the forming of a breakaway group, the Nestorians. In the seventh century, when the new religion of Islam burst onto the world scene and began its campaign of expansion, the Nestorians were quick to pass on their knowledge to their Arab conquerors. According to The Encyclopedia of Religion, â€Å"the Nestorians were the first to promote Greek science and philosophy by translating Greek texts into Syrian and then into Arabic.† (Raman, 41) They were also â€Å"the first to introduce Greek medicine into Baghdad.† Arab scientists began building upon the things they learned from the Nestorians. Arabic replaced Syrian as the language of science in the Arab empire and proved to be a language that lent itself well to scientific writing. However, the Arabs gave as well as took. When the Moors moved into Europe through Spain—to stay for over 700 years—they brought along an enlightened Muslim culture. Moreover, during the eight so-called Christian Crusades, between 1096 and 1272, Western crusaders were impressed by the advanced Islamic civilization with which they came in contact. They returned, as one author put it, with â€Å"a host of new impressions.† Beginning in the 12th century, the flame of learning that had burned brightly in the Muslim world began to dim. It was rekindled, however, in Europe as groups of scholars began forming the forerunners of modern universities. In the middle of the 12th century, the universities of Paris and of Oxford came into being. The University of Cambridge followed in the early 13th century and those of Prague and of Heidelberg both in the 14th. By the 19th century, universities had become major centers of scientific research. (Russell, 47) Originally, these schools were strongly influenced by religion, most studies centering on or slanted toward theology. However, at the same time, the schools accepted Greek philosophy, particularly the writings of Aristotle. According to The Encyclopedia of Religion, â€Å"the Scholastic method.  .  . throughout the Middle Ages.  .  . was structured according to the Aristotelian logic of defining, dividing, and reasoning in its exposition of the text and its resolution of difficulties.† (Russell, 48) One 13th-century scholar intent on combining Aristotelian learning with Christian theology was Thomas Aquinas, later called the â€Å"Christian Aristotle.† Nevertheless, on some points he differed with Aristotle. Aquinas rejected, for example, the theory that the world had always existed, agreeing with the Scriptures that it had been created. By holding â€Å"firmly to the belief that the earth and the entire creation is an ordered universe that can be comprehended by the light of reason,† says The Book of Popular Science, he â€Å"made a valuable contribution to the development of modern science.† (Raman, 41) For the most part, however, the teachings of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen were accepted as gospel truth, even by the church. The aforementioned reference work explains: â€Å"In the Middle Ages, when interest in scientific experiment and direct observation was at low ebb, Aristotle’s word was law. Ipse dixit (‘He himself said it’) was the argument that medieval schoolmen used to prove the truth of many a ‘scientific’ observation. Under these circumstances the errors of Aristotle, particularly in physics and astronomy, held up scientific progress for centuries.† (Raman, 56) One who challenged this blind adherence to former views was the 13th-century Oxford friar Roger Bacon. Called â€Å"the greatest figure in medieval science,† Bacon was almost alone in advocating experimentation as a means of learning scientific truths. It is said that as early as 1269, clearly centuries ahead of his time, he predicted automobiles, airplanes, and motorized ships. Yet, despite foresight and a brilliant mind, Bacon was limited in his knowledge of the facts. He strongly believed in astrology, magic, and alchemy. This demonstrates that science is indeed an ongoing search for truth, always subject to revision. Although scientific investigation appeared to lie dormant in the 14th century, as the 15th  century neared its end, mankind’s search for scientific truth was far from over. In fact, the next 500 years would far overshadow what had preceded them. The world stood on the threshold of a scientific revolution. The details broken down in this paper regarding the developments of Science have contributed so much on the social progress of the human generations which also depends on different religious advances as well. Conclusion As it could be seen, Science and Religion are two interconnected social factors that pertain to a single theme, to make it easier for humans to understand how their world evolves and how the systems could affect their lives. Directly, both social factors influence people’s beliefs and views on living. Hence, it could be noted that the theories and beliefs created by both studies and affiliation creates mass knowledge of the essential understandings that the human civilization should know.

Why I Want to Be a Teacher Essays

Why I Want to Be a Teacher Essays Why I Want to Be a Teacher Essay Why I Want to Be a Teacher Essay I want to be a Teacher I want to be a teacher for several different reasons. I initially decided teaching was for me when I was in middle school. I had an amazing teacher that helped me through a lot. She made a huge impact on my life, and I knew then that I wanted to be able to do the same for other kids. I later went on to have children of my own, which gave me even more reason to become a teacher. And even with the economy the way it is today, there are actually a lot of opportunities for teaching given the wide variety of jobs a teaching degree can obtain. I also understand the responsibility that comes with teaching and that the job doesn’t end when you leave the classroom. That is why I respect the teaching field as much as I do. I know I still have a long way to go before I get to my teaching career but I feel it will all be worth it when I get there. Having the chance to help kids is a great advantage by itself. You never know what they may have going on outside of the classroom. Being a teacher will give me the ability to provide them with not only education, but a lot more. I can be there to give them structure, advice, influence, and support when they need it. I feel all of these are essential for a great learning experience and I would love to be one of the ones to give that to them. In the long run being a great teacher can result in changing someone’s life for the better and not even knowing. Giving them the confidence they need to succeed all throughout life. Letting them know your there to help with any problems they may have even if they aren’t class related can make all the difference. The opportunities are out there. Having a teaching degree can put you in several different places. There are daycares, public and private schools, troubled youth, and special needs. And for those who like to make their money on their own time can tutor privately. I can work all year, or be off work all summer. There is no limit to what you can do as a teacher as long as you enjoy teaching. My preference would be to have the summers off. Although I also like the idea of being able to work some during summer if need to make a larger salary. That is why I hope to obtain a job working for the city school district when I finish my own education, mainly because of me having children of my own. I would almost always be off work when they are out of school. That would give me so much more time with them to help with homework, participate in sports and other extracurricular activities. We could go on vacation in the summer, go to the zoo, museums, and just have fun as a family. I know when I can finish school and start in my teaching career my kids will be so proud. I want them to be proud to tell people that their mother is successful. I wouldn’t have to pay for childcare which is also a plus. So being a teacher I would not only have more time with my kids but I would also have more money for us to do the family stuff we want. I also am ready for the responsibility of teaching and what the position requires of me. I may leave the classroom in the afternoon, but my work still goes home with me. Papers to grade, lessons to plan, and decisions to make, and guidelines to follow will be a part of my everyday process. The obligation to the deadlines itself will be a challenge but at the end of the day I know it will all be worth it. I’ll be so happy with my life. I cannot wait to get my schooling finished so I can get my teaching career started. The first day I have a class full of smiling faces will be the happiest day of my life. Setting my goals and succeeding in them is a great accomplishment itself. Knowing what I can do with my teaching career to make a change in the lives of others makes it an even greater accomplishment. Having the opportunity to follow the career I have chosen is an everlasting reward for me and now you know why.

75 Terms Pertaining to Color

75 Terms Pertaining to Color 75 Terms Pertaining to Color 75 Terms Pertaining to Color By Mark Nichol This post lists numerous nouns and adjectives that describe or pertain to qualities of color, plus brief definitions. 1. ablaze: bright and full of light or color 2. bleached: washed out as a result of exposure to chemicals or sunlight 3. bold: very bright, clear, or strong in color 4. brash: contrasting vividly 5. bright: filled with light, or having a light but strong color 6. brilliant: very bright 7. chatoyant: having a changeable color 8. chroma: purity of color 9. color scheme: combination of colors used in a design 10. colorful: distinguished by bright colors or many colors 11. colorless: lacking color 12. complementary: matching well 13. contrast: differences in color or light 14. cool: containing blue or green 15. dappled: marked with spots of color or light 16. dark: heavily saturated 17. deep: see dark 18. delicate: a charming or dainty quality 19. depth: brightness of a color 20. discolored: see faded 21. dusty: dark or dull 22. faded: lacking brilliance or freshness 23. fast: resistant to fading 24. fauve: see vivid 25. festive: bright and cheerful 26. fiery: very bright red, orange, or yellow, or a combination of two or three of these colors 27. flamboyant: brightly or elaborately colorful 28. flaming: bright or glowing red, orange, or yellow 29. fluorescent: very bright and reflective 30. gay: see brilliant 31. glowing: see bright and warm 32. ground: color used as a base in painting 33. harmonious: pleasantly complementary 34. harsh: excessively bright 35. hue: color 36. intensity: see chroma 37. iridescent: showing various colors in different types of light or from different angles 38. light: pale or minimally saturated 39. loud: ostentatiously bright 40. matching: of the same color 41. medium: between light and dark 42. mellow: clear, warm, and soft 43. monochrome: made of one color or of shades of one color 44. monotone: uniform 45. multicolored: consisting of many colors 46. muted: soft, not bright 47. nacreous: see iridescent 48. neutral: not bright or strong 49. opalescent: see iridescent 50. pastel: pale and soft 51. pearlescent: see iridescent 52. psychedelic: very bright, with busy patterns 53. pure: clear, unmixed 54. rich: deep, vivid 55. riot: disorderly or random 56. saturation: see chroma 57. shade: a variation of a color caused by the addition of black 58. sickly: unpleasantly pale 59. sober: plain, not bright 60. soft: pale and gentle 61. somber: dark and dull 62. tinge: slight shading 63. tint: a variation of a color caused by the addition of white 64. tonal: pertaining to a tone 65. tonality: range of colors in a painting or image 66. tone: see shade 67. translucent: very light or pale or light 68. two-tone: having two colors 69. value: degree of brightness 70. vibrant: bright and colorful 71. violent: very bright, intense 72. vivid: very bright, strong 73. warm: containing red, orange, or yellow 74. washed out: pale, desaturated 75. watery: pale Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives 25 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be)Personification vs. Anthropomorphism

Recycling Plastic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recycling Plastic - Assignment Example may not have been recycled as much can be attributed to the lack of specialized containers for plastics being insisted upon like there are special containers for glass bottles or even metallic bottles. The presence of such bins would act as a reminder to people to separate the plastics from the rest of the trash hence making not only recycling possible but increasing the number of plastics being recycled in the country (Kreiger, et al 2011). The other reason based on research that plastics are not recycled as much is because there are different types of plastics making it hard for people to know which plastics are supposed to be recycled or are able to be recycled and which ones cannot (Esterl, 2011). An example is having destroyed electronic equipment like a mobile phone that needs to be discarded, and then there are empty juice containers and water bottles as well as empty containers previously holding hair or body lotion and oils and plastics cutlery. All these are different types of plastics and people get confused as to what to put aside as plastic. They therefore end up throwing away some other types of plastics such as the electronic gadgets and hence this continues to reduce the amount of plastics being recycled. Talks by Mike Biddle have revealed that it is possible to recycle all types of plastics and hence people should not fear about sorting out their plastic trash and separating it. Anything that is made from plastic should be completely separated from the trash and when it reaches the recycling plant, the experts can be able to sort them out and follow Biddle’s 30 processes to extract the plastic and eliminate the impurities (Biddle, 2011). This revelation should act to increase the amount of plastics being recycled and reduce the amount being wasted for lack of knowledge. Research by Viscusi, Huber & Bell, (2012) reveals that in order to also increase the amount of plastics to be recycled, each home should be encouraged to have separate trash

Stock Market Prices - Web Based App Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stock Market Prices - Web Based App - Coursework Example There are many advances in stock technologies, although the real time stock out has gotten the most press coverage recently. There are diverse technologies with various capabilities, price points, and footprints. After some time, this evolving change in the stock exchange will spread to other sectors as well. Anything of material significance will be stream –tagged to report its state in real time...... Sophisticated financial operations and keen investors require state of the art trading systems with potential of handling operations in terms of complexity and volume. Challenge the market The challenges faced by markets place are the ability to handle increased volume of trading and latest financial instrument. This calls for the implementation of new rules and regulations that demand for setting up latest cutting edge systems or modifying or even upgrading the existing systems without interfering the on-going operations Challenges 1. Quick and quality execution 2. High Performance 3. Scalability to handle high volumes without degrading in performance 4. Platform neutral 5. Security Overview The documentation is to be developed to cater to the operational needs of the investors all over the world. Therefore, the architecture covers all aspects of Real time market information. Real Time and Delayed Stock Quotes The stock quotes are available on real time basis for which the bourse ch arges a monthly fee while the delayed mode which occurs on the basis of 15-20 minutes delay or lag and available for free. Relevant parameters from the stock market 1. Spot price is acquired from stock exchange’s current basic stock trade price. 2. Exercise price, Time to Maturity are acquired from option exchange quotes. 3. Risk free rate depends on different economies, for example, the US market and the US Treasury 4. Suggested bill rate is 5. Volatility is acquired from user entries; the goal is to give an individual user freedom to decide on their own volatility method. It helps in carrying a test for volatility’s accuracy against the basic market price. Finance data service provider The data is obtained

Studying The Peach Fruit Fly: Bactrocera zonata

Studying The Peach Fruit Fly: Bactrocera zonata Abstract The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) is one of the most harmful species of Tephritidae. It is a polyphagous species attacking more than 40 species of fruit crops and has also been recorded from wild host plants. The peach fruit fly is a serious pest of peach, guava and mango; secondary hosts include apricot, fig and citrus. It causes serious economic losses, either by direct damage to fruits or indirectly by warranting the need for quarantine and phytosanitary measures. Bactrocera zonata is native from India and is present in numerous tropical countries of Asia. However, this pest has been established in Egypt since the late 1990s and is now largely widespread throughout the country. Therefore, it demonstrated its ability to establish outside tropical climates and its adaptability to local temperate conditions. In Egypt, B. zonata is active throughout the year when temperatures exceed 10 °C and can complete several generations per year, apparently overwintering also in temperate climates. Bactrocera zonata is well adapted to hot climates and shows higher low-temperature thresholds than those of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, which is widespread in the Mediterranean countries. Pest risk analysis suggests that the peach fruit fly is capable to establish and spread in coastal areas of the Mediterranean region, causing significant damage on fruit production. of entering, establishing, spreading and causing significant impacts on fruit production in other countries of the Mediterranean region. INTRODUCTION Tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) have a major impact on world agriculture, causing yield losses and reducing the quality and marketability of agricultural crops. Control of fruit flies mostly relies on the application of broad-spectrum insecticides, which could cause food contamination, side effects on beneficials and pest resistance to insecticides. Tephritid fruit flies are among the most invasive species of fruits and vegetables in the world. Establishment of exotic flies would cause direct and indirect economic losses due to damage to fruits and  strict quarantine regulations imposed by importing countries to avoid introductions of invasive pests. The family Tephritidae, comprises nearly 4500 species distributed over most of the world and include several species that pose a potential threat to Mediterranean horticulture, mainly of the wide-ranging genus Bactrocera, native to South East Asia and Australasia, the genus Anastrepha, originated from Central and South America, and the genus Ceratitis, indigenous to Africa. The genus Bactrocera is considered a serious threat of fruit crops because of the wide host range of its species and the invasive power of some species within the genus (White and Helson-Harris 1992; Clarke et al., 2005). Several Bactrocera species established outside of their native Asian range: Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock in Surinam and northern Brazil, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet) in Hawaii, East and West Africa, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel in Polynesia and Hawaii, Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta and White in Sub-Saharan Africa and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) in the eastern Mediterranean basin (Vayssià ¨res et al., 2008). The two polyphagous fruit flies presently established in the Mediterranean region are the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the most dangerous and widespread species, and the peach fruit fly B. zonata, which has been detected in Egypt in1998 and spread throughout the country (Amro and Abdel-Galil, 2008). The peach fruit fly was intercepted at the port of Valencia in 2005 by quarantine officials on citrus fruits imported from Egypt. Therefore, a Pest Risk Assessment (PRA) was carried out by Spain and submitted to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for a scientific opinion. The PRA pointed out that the peach fruit fly can establish and spread in southern Europe, causing considerable damage to fruit yield. However, the pest risk assessment can be improved by defining the potential climatic range of the pest in Europe and identifying fruit crops potentially at risk (EFSA, 2007). Bactrocera zonata is listed as Dacus zonatus in Annex IAI of Directive 2 000/29/EC, which includes harmful organisms whose introduction in EC countries are banned. In the present paper we review the life history, host range, influence of climatic factors  and provide a tentative distribution map of the peach fruit fly in the Mediterranean region along with control methods. DISTRIBUTION The peach fruit fly is native to tropical Asia and is widely distributed in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), southern Iran, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Viet Nam, Yemen. It also occurs on the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius and Reunion (EPPO, 2005). In Pakistan, this fruit fly is abundant in coastal and sub-coastal areas of Baluchistan and Sind, and in semi-desert areas and northern plains of Punjab. However, it has also been recorded as rare from foot hills of Islamabad and Peshawar valley of North Western Frontier Province (Hussain, 1995). In Sri Lanka, this species is distributed throughout the island in wet and dry zones and has been recorded up to the elevation of 1800 m (Tsuruta et al., 1997). In the last decades, the peach fruit fly has spread westward and has established in the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt. Bactrocera zonata was identified in 1998 on infested guavas collected in Agamy and Sabahia, near Alexandria. In 1999, monitoring traps showed high capture rates in Alexandria and Cairo. In October 2000, the pest was detected in North Sinai and is at present widespread in all the fruit-growing areas of Egypt (EPPO, 2008). California has been invaded multiple times (1989, 2001 and 2006) by the peach fruit fly, but it has been successfully eradicated (EPPO, 2005). LARVAL HOST RANGE The peach fruit fly has been recorded infesting over 40 cultivated and wild plant species, mainly those with fleshy fruits (Table 1). In Pakistan, B. zonata is a serious pest of guava, mango, peaches, papaya, persimmon and citrus. Damage of 25-50% has been reported in guava, of 10-15% in mango and of 40% in persimmon (Syed et al., 1970; Qureshi et al., 1992; Stonehouse et al., 2002). The relative susceptibility of the most common cultivated fruits in New Valley Oases (Egypt) was determined in field on the basis of adult emergence from infested fruits. Sour orange appeared to be the highest susceptible host, followed by orange and guava, whereas mandarin, apple, mango and fig were more resistant/showed some sort of resistance (Amro and Abdel-Galil, 2008). In Egypt, the highest number of pupae and the highest percentage of adult emergence were recorded under laboratory conditions from pear fruits, followed by guava, peach, apple and apricot (Shehata et al., 2008). Bactrocera zonata seems more adapted to attack citrus fruits than C. capitata. In fact, in 2002/2003 at Fayoum Governatorate (Egypt), the two species infested 15.5 and 0.35% of Navel orange, 10.0 and 0.9% of grapefruit, 8.7 and 3.7% of mandarin, 5.7 and 3.4% of sour orange, 0.6 and 0.3% of lemon and 0.6 and 0.3% of Valencia orange, respectively (Saafan et al., 2005). Restrictions by overseas markets are inevitable if research funding actions show that the peach fruit fly is established in Mediterranean countries. LIFE HISTORY The peach fruit fly is anautogenous, i.e. it emerges from puparia as sexually immature adult that needs to feed to survive and reproduce. Adults obtain sugars from honeydew  and other plant exudates, protein from bird feces and phylloplane bacteria and moisture from dew and rain. Adults are attracted by some plant-derived phenyl propanoids (e.g., methyl eugenol), that might play a role in the mating behaviour. Mated females pierce the skin of host fruits with their ovipositor and lay a batch of 2-9 eggs. The eggs usually hatch in a few days and the young larvae feed upon the fruit pulp destroying the fruit. Tunnels created by larval feeding also allow the entry of secondary pathogens causing secondary fruit rot. The mature larvae leave the fruit and pupate in the soil where they emerge two weeks later as young adults. Bactrocera zonata is a non-diapausing and multivoltine species with overlapping generations. In Pakistan and Egypt, adults are present throughout the year except in January and February (Hussain, 1995; Farag et al., 2009). Overwintering mostly occur in the larval or pupal stage. Adults a strong flier, capable of dispersing more than 24 km in search for host plants (Qureshi et al., 1975). Passive dispersal is mainly by means of winds and transportation of infested fruits. Adults live for 30-60 days and the pre-oviposition period (including sexual maturation of 8-16 days, ranges from 10 to 23 days. A female can lay up to 93 eggs/day, and as many as 564 in its lifetime (Qureshi et al., 1974). Under favourable conditions, the eggs hatch into larvae within 2 days. The larvae feed in the fruits for 4 to 30 days, depending on temperature (Duyck et al., 2004). Mature larvae burrow 2.5 to 12.5 cm in the ground to pupate. The pupal period varies from 4 days in summer to over 6 weeks in winter. Full development takes from 5 to 8 weeks, depending on the season and type of fruit infested (Shehata et al., 2008). The most important parameters influencing the population dynamics of B. zonata are the favourable environmental conditions for reproduction and survival, and host sequence, suitability and availability. Several generations per year are completed under favourable conditions. In Pakistan, the peach fruit fly complete 8-9 generations per year in the coastal plains, whereas only two generations are completed in 5 months in northern areas (Hussain, 1995). At Giza Governatorate (Egypt), seven overlapping generations were recorded from March to November; the first generation is the longest, occurring from March to May-June, whereas summer generations lasted 4-6 weeks. Populations are usually at their lowest level at the end of the winter due to the slowdown or cessation of development. It may take several generations are needed to reach the highest population density, which was observed during the 5th generation at the end of August (Farag et al., 2009). Influence CLIMATIC FACTORS AND OF HOSTS Climate plays a critical role as the determining factor of the peach fruit fly abundance, influencing development and survival, therefore limiting its geographical range. The wide distribution of B. zonata indicates a considerable degree of environmental plasticity. Although the immature stages of Bactrocera sp. can survive short periods of high (>30 °C) or low temperatures ( The temperature is the most important factor determining developmental rates of immatures and adult maturation rates. The duration of the peach fruit fly lifecycle is mainly affected by temperature and host fruit species. Development ceases in all stages below 12 °C; larvae and pupae are more resistant to cold weather conditions. The developmental thresholds of pre-imaginal stages of a peach fruit fly population in Reunion were determined at constant temperatures. Lower thresholds of eggs, larvae and pupae ranged from 12.6 to 12.8 °C, which were higher than those of C. capitata (10.2-11.6 °C). The thermal units required for the development of pre-imaginal stages were estimated in 224 degree day units (Duyck et al., 2004). However, in Egypt, the lower temperature threshold was determined as 11.84 °C and the thermal units required to complete a generation (from egg to egg) were 487 degree days (Sharaf El-Din et al., 2007). Differences on lower developmental thresholds might be due to the different strains and the larval food. However, the existence of cold-hardening ecotypes of the pest can not be ruled out. The upper temperature threshold was estimated as higher than 35 °C (Qureshi et al., 1993; Duyck et al., 2004). The optimal temperatures for development and survival of pre-imaginal stages occurs at 25-30 °C. The duration of the pre-ovipostion period ranged from 23 days at 20 °C to 8.4 days at 30 °C. Fecundity and adult longevity were optimal at 25 °C (Qureshi et al., 1993). Reliable temperature thresholds and thermal constants appropriate for each life stage allow the development of phonological models to predict the duration of the life cycle of the peach fruit fly under various climatic conditions. On the basis of thermal units, expressed as cumulative degree days, a number of 6, 7 and 8 annual generations have been predicted in North Sinai, El Beheira and Asyout (Egypt), respectively (Khalil et al., 2010). Host quality strongly affects development time and survival of pre-imaginal stages and the reproductive parameters of adults. Peach, guava and mango were the most suitable fruits for larval development and fecundity with respect to other fruit species (e.g. apple, pear, plum, orange) (Hussain, 1995). Climatic factors and host suitability influence coexistence of tephritid fruit flies in some areas. The peach fruit fly was detected in Reunion in 1991 and appears to be displacing C. capitata in warm and dry areas. Ceratitis capitata and B. zonata attack almost the same fruit species, indicating that species niche partitioning is determined by climatic factors rather than host range (Duyck et al., 2008). The peach fruit fly showed displacement ability also over B. dorsalis and Carpomyia vesuviana Costa in some areas of its native geographical range (Agarwal and Kapoor, 1986). POTENTIAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN The potential distribution of the peach fruit fly in the Mediterranean basin has been modelled/predicted with CLIMEX. Based on climatic data, this software compares the geographical distribution of a species in the native area and predict its potential geographical range in other continents using the Compare Locations function (Sutherst et al., 2007). The model combines a weekly population growth index (in response of temperature, rainfall and relative humidity) with 4 stress indices (cold, hot, wet and dry) into an Ecoclimatic Index (EI), which indicates the potential propagation and persistence of the species as determined by climate. A database of 30-year climatic data for meteorological stations irregularly located in the Mediterranean basin was used. Climatic parameters used were modified from available data of other tephritid fruit flies (C. capitata and B. dorsalis) (Vera et al., 2002; Stephens et al., 2007), also considering the climatic requirements of B. zonata (Duyck et al., 2004). Then, values were adjusted to fit the distribution of B. zonata in Egypt. To provide a more realistic prediction of the pest range, the Irrigation option in CLIMEX was used. Figure 1 shows a tentative distribution map of B. zonata based on Ecoclimatic Index. Under current climate conditions, the model predicts the establishment and persistenc e of the peach fruit fly in coastal areas of North Africa and Near East. The suitability of European countries to B. zonata establishment was limited to southern areas of Portugal, Spain, Greece and all the main Mediterranean islands (Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily and Crete). The potential geographical distribution of the peach fruit fly appears to be narrower than that of C. capitata, which is more adapted to cool temperatures. Moreover, the predicted range of B. zonata seems to coincide with most of the Mediterranean citrus-growing areas. CONTROL METHODS Biological control of the peach fruit fly is ineffective, because young larvae feed into the fruit flesh and are protected from parasitoids. The most common hymenopterous parasitoids recovered from B. zonata in the native area are the braconid Diachasmimorpha longicaudatus (Ashmead) and the eulophid Aceratoneuromyia indica (Silvestri) (Kapoor 1993). In Egypt, Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) and the pteromalids Spalangia cameroni Perkins and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae Rondani have been recorded on peach fruit fly pupae (Badr El-Sabah and Afia, 2004). Recently, biological control efforts have been focused on augmentative release of D. longicaudatus and Fopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Rousse et al., 2006). Bactrocera zonata males are attracted to citronella oil and to its active compound methyl eugenol (Howlett, 1915). This parapheromone, which is present in many plants, has both olfactory and phagostimulatory action and attracts peach fruit fly males from up to 800 m (Roomi et al., 1993). Methyl eugenol proved to be very effective in early detection of peach fruit fly males and has been used in several suppression programs (Qureshi et al., 1981; Sookar et al., 2006). The male annihilation technique (MAT) employs methyl eugenol to attract most of the males of B. zonata populations. Extermination of males in a population severely reduces the frequency of fertile matings, minimizing the chances of successful reproduction and consequently lowering the infestation on fruits. Peach fruit fly males are caught/killed by plastic traps baited with methyl eugenol (mass trapping technique) or attracted to wooden blocks soaked with parapheromone and insecticide (attract and kill technique). MAT is the standard technique to eradicate the peach fruit fly from areas newly-invaded areas and has successfully been applied in several eradication programs (California, Israel) (Spaugy, 1988; EPPO, 2008). A large eradication program based on the massive use of bait stations (wooden blocks) has been very successful in Egypt: B. zonata populations have been reduced about 4-fold from 2008 to 2009 in all the countrys fruit-producing areas (FAO/IAEA, 2010). A number of insecticides used against fruit flies are effective, flexible and low toxic to non-target arthropods. In the European Union, chemicals registered against the medfly include organophosphates (chlorpyrifos-methyl and phosmet) and pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin). In addition, some naturally-derived insecticide are accepted in organic agriculture, such as spinosad, that is less toxic to beneficials than traditional insecticides, and a Neem formulation/azadirachtin, that showed sterilant and oviposition deterrent activities on the peach fruit fly (Mahmoud and Shoeib, 2008). All these compounds are non-systemic, therefore control treatments are targeted to kill adults and prevent egg-laying in the fruit. Bait applications integrate insecticide and attractant formulations to lure male and female adult fruit flies. The most effective control strategy worldwide against fruit flies consists in bait sprays of malathion mixed with hydrolysed protein acting as attractants and phagostimulants. However, malathion has recently been excluded from the list of plant protection products allowed in the European Union, which has also prohibited importation of fruits with malathion residues. Laboratory experiments carried out in Egypt showed that spinosad might effectively replace malathion in bait applications against the peach fruit fly (El-Aw et al., 2008). Bait insecticides are sprayed in spots on the foliage of host plants by ground or aerial applications. Studies have been carried out to control B. zonata with the sterile insect technique (SIT) (Qureshi et al., 1974), that is widely used in eradication programs against C. capitata and B. dorsalis. However, this technique has never been adopted in the field against the peach fruit fly. The establishment of the peach fruit fly in Mediterranean countries would prevent export of fruits and vegetables to countries with quarantine regulations or be made conform to their rules and restrictions. Fruit fumigation with methyl bromide is still adopted in several countries, but its use may soon be prohibited. Therefore, alternative fruit sanitation techniques based on temperature manipulation have been developed. Cold treatments consist in holding export products at constant temperatures for a time period sufficient to ensure death of the most resistant peach fruit fly life stages (eggs and larvae). Alternatively, fruits can be disinfested with high temperature treatments (water dips, dry or vapour heat, forced hair). Heat treatments can cause fruit injury and alteration of colour, aroma, flavour or texture in some citrus fruits. CONCLUSIONS The host-plant range of the peach fruit fly is broad, with more than 40 plant species verified as hosts in ; therefore, potential hosts are abundant in the diverse, cultivated and uncultivated flora of Mediterranean region and pose the eventuality of peach fruit fly population cycling. This cycling is characterized by different host-plant species sequentially serving as fruit fly reproductive hosts for parts of the year. Given the lack of diapause in this frugivorous tephritid and its wide host range, population cycling in alternate hosts could play a major role in the potential establishment of Bz and future economic depredations of exotic fruit flies such as the peach fruit fly in Mediterranean region. Peach fruit fly is a generalist tephritid species infesting many host species throughout the entire geographical range. Locally these generalists may utilize only a few of their potential host species. However, no absolute statement about plant susceptibility can be made. A good host in one geographic location may not be as good a host in another, and vice versa, as slight environmental changes may occur that influence the plants desirability as a host. In addition, it is important to analyze the plant species in a given area to identify the competing host range. A desirable host in one area may be less desirable in another because a better host exists. The population dynamics of such tephritid species are also susceptible to fluctuations in community attributes, i.e., plant diversity, interspecific interactions, and abiotic factors. These allow such tephritids to become pestiferous in some areas, but barely noticeable in other areas, or subject them to localized extinction in still other areas Rapid transport of infested host fruits through cargo, personal luggage, and mail has complicated efforts to contain peach fruit fly within its present distribution. Efforts should be made to improve exclusion, prevention, detection, and control practices against peah fruit fly, with the aim of decreasing the risk of introduction. Since eradication efforts can be extremely difficult and expensive when peach fruit fly populations become well established, such efforts are started as soon as possible after introductions are detected. Crop yield reductions, control measures, handling processes, and quarantine restrictions on commodity movement are expenses associated with peach fruit fly infestations. Appropriate phytosanitary measures should be applied to avoid the invasion and establishment of these exotic pests in the Mediterranean region. We believe that Mediterranean countries can no longer ignore the inevitability of recurrent peach fruit fly populations. The Mediterranean countries must prepare to deal with the eventuality and consequences of permanent peach fruit fly populations. Economic importance Impact of peach fruit fly on agriculture Peach fruit fly can have a direct impact on agricultural production in Mediterranean area. One estimate of the direct impact of peach fruit fly in Egypt was million euros, which did not include the costs or impacts of insecticide use to control this pest. A great number of crops in the Mediterranean countries are threatened by the introduction of this pest: including apple, apricot, peach, fig, grapefruit, nectarine, orange, peach, pear, persimmon, plum, pomegranate, tangerine. While the direct loss of production of fruit fly host products can have a significant impact on Mediterranean agriculture, perhaps a more important impact is the loss of potential production and markets due to the threat of fruit flies and the high economic costs for their control. A Streetcar Named Desire, Tennessee Williams | Analysis A Streetcar Named Desire, Tennessee Williams | Analysis A Streetcar Named Desire From time to time in life, there are periods when one is faced with conflicts and more often, it does not matter how hard one tries, you just cant fix things and you end up feeling like a broken record. A Streetcar Named Desire focuses on an inconsolable woman called Blanche Dubois. Blanche is a victim of herself and her lifestyle as much as she is the victim of an unfair state of affairs. There are occurrences in her life that she could have handled better ad therefore avoided calamity, but there are as well instances where, there was nothing she could do but play along to the tragic up folding events in her eventful life. First she is nurtured in Old South upper-class traditions, she lived in a classy manner in the family homestead Belle Reve, wedded a man she immensely loved, and followed a professional career as an English teacher. From the beginning of the play, it is forthcoming that she is the victim of her lifestyle, and not a conqueror. The individual Blanche is at present can be covered back to a solitary day in her epic past. Inside only some hours for the duration of this single day, her life would be altered completely. Blanche unexpectedly but walked in on her companion, Allan Grey, in bed having intimacy with another male. She afterwards went to a bar to have a drink with her cheating spouse and his homosexual partner; there she drunkenly told Allan that she was sickened by him. Allan flees the room in serious embarrassment from Blanches utterances and turns a revolver he had on his mouth, she hears him commit suicide in the exterior of the bar they were drinking. Any person would be unba lanced after so mucch pandemonium and distress in such a short period. Argument is fronted that since Blanche had inferred to Allan as disgusting, he committed suicide and this makes Blanche the aggressor and not the victim she almost paints herself to be. Allans deeds towards his suicide were totally his and Blanche could not manage to prevent them. It is obvious that neither of the couple could grip the confusion manifesting at the time and handled them in divergent ways. Blanche was just the fatality of the awful state of affairs that affected the love of her life. Without her dearly loved Allan, Blanche ultimately needed love. All the men Blanche would charm in seduction were because she wanted to mend the emptiness in her heart. This was however not the truthful way to manage affairs and if she had gotten help she could properly have dealt with the pain of her husbands tragic demise. Unfortunately Blanche never had that chance, when she loses her familys plantation, Belle Reve, she is forced to live in Laurel, where she engages in prostitution for the reason that she has no other way of making money to help fend for her personal upkeep. During this tumultuous period, she resides in hotel Flamingo and men seeking sexual pleasures in exchange for money come up to her room every nighttime. Promiscuous sexual relations with men got terribly out of control out of hand. Every time one sexual relation ended, a new one budded the next day. This made her to cement a lousy reputation in the small township of Laurel, Mississippi. Understanding that she was still smarting from the demise of her suicidal husband and acknowledging that the various men could not patch up her inconsolable heart, she turned to drinking to escape her misery. Haphazard alcohol drinking and one-night stands eventually makes Blanche to find herself lonely and with nowhere to go. In order to improve her miserable life and acquire a new character, Blanche makes a decision to begin afresh in Elysian Fields, New Orleans with her young sister, Stella and her bad-mannered husband Stanley Kowalski. Feigning innocence and perfection, to cover up her inadequacies back home is not sufficient as Stellas husband can see right through her. Stanley exposes her precedent behavior and devastates the fresh life she has embarked on in New Orleans she again is back where she began. Blanche is victim to Stanleys insensitive mistreatment. Not oblivious to the truth that they had not once got along, had Stanley not exposed her secrets, she might just have brilliantly started a fresh, improved life. Only to worsen her life further, she becomes the victim of serious sexual assault to the churlish Stanley. If she was not mentally and emotionally unbalanced minded before, Blanche is absolutely now. Stanley was crooked and should not have handled her the way he did, while she was obvi ously in such an unselfconfident shape. Due to her disturbing past and no prospects to seek healthy help, Blanche succumbs to mistreatment and becomes the victim to additional situations than she had to all through the routes of her life. In the closing stages of A Streetcar Named Desire, Blanche is taken to mental establishment where it is only hopeful she may get the necessary assistance to her physical, emotional and mental state. She has suffered too much and respite is necessary for her soul.

Ucla Econ 101 Final Spring 2011

1 Final Exam (VERSION 1): Econ 101 †¢ Please write your name at the top of every page of this mideterm †¢ Please write your name, TA’s name, and the time of your discussion section here Your Name: TA’s Name: Discussion Time: †¢ The exam has one parts: Written Questions. †¢ There should be 16 total pages (front and back). Quickly read through the exam before beginning. †¢ There are 100 total points available. Point values are listed next to each problem part. Please allocate your time accordingly 1 2 Written Questions 1. Consider the following payo? matrix Player L M T 2, 0 3, 1 Player 1 C 3, 4 1, 2 B 1, 3 0, 2 2 R 4,2 2,3 3,0 . (5pnts) Find the pure strategy Nash equilibria of the simultaneous game b. (5pnts) Now suppose the game is played sequentially. Find the subgame perfect equilibrium if player 1 goes ? rst and if player 2 goes ? rst. c. (5pnts) Discuss whether each of the players would want to go ? rst or second. d. (5pnts) Write down a sy stem of equations such that the solution to the system would give a completely mixed strategy equilibrium of this game (please clearly de? ne all of your notation). Can this system of equations be solved? (Hint: think about the condition requiring player 1 to play B with positive probability).Explain what the answer means. 2 WORK SPACE 3 WORK SPACE 4 2. Suppose Player 1 and Player 2 are playing a simultaneous move game with the following payo? matrix: Player 2 L R T 0, 4 ? , 3 Player 1 B 3, 3 4, 6 where ? ? 0 a. (5pnts) De? ne a dominant strategy equilibrium. Is there any value of ? for which there is a dominant strategy equilibrium. If so, ? nd the values of ?. If not, show why. b. (5pnts) Describe all the pure and mixed strategy equilibria of the game as a function of ? c. (5pnts) Suppose ? = 5. What would the outcome be if the players could cooperate? 5 WORK SPACE 6 WORK SPACE 7 3.Billy has just inherited a horse ranch from his uncle. The ranch is located in Oshkosh, WI and rents horses. A unique feature of the stable is the nearby riding trails that overlook Lake Winnebago. Billy has two types of potential customers: novice riders (N) and serious riders (S). The (per customer) demand for horse rides on the ranch is qS = 75 ? 1. 25PS , where qS is the number of hourlong rides a serious rider makes per year. The demand for novice riders is qN = 57 ? 1. 25PN . Assume there are 75 riders of each type in the town. Billy’s cost function is T C = 12q, where q is the total number of hours the horses are ridden per year. . (5pnts) Suppose Billy does not price discriminate. Find prices, quantities, and Billy’s pro? t. b. (5pnts) Suppose Billy can tell who’s a serious rider because of the types of hat they ware. Find the 3rd degree price discriminating prices, quantities and pro? ts. c. (5pnts) Suppose Billy is not able to tell the di? erence between the two types of rider. He decides to start charging a yearly membership fee, T , as well as an h ourly price, p. Find the optimal choices of T and p d. (5pnts) Suppose Billy IS able to tell the di? erence between the two types of but still thinks the 2-part tari? is a good idea.Find the annual fee and per hour price that Billy would charge to each group 8 WORK SPACE 9 WORK SPACE 10 4. (16pnts) Boeing and Airbus are the 2 ? rms that produce commercial aircraft. The demand for airplanes is given by: Q = 10 ? P . Boeing’s costs are given by T CB = cB qB and Airbus’ costs are given by: T CA = cA qA where cA , cB are constants. a. (5pnts) Find the Cournot quantities, prices and pro? ts. Find Stackelberg quantities, prices, and pro? ts assuming Boeing chooses output ? rst b. (5pnts) Suppose that right now cB = cA = 5. Boeing has access to a process innovation that will lower marginal costs from 5 to 0.How much would Boeing be willing to invest to implement the innovation. (Assume Cournot Competition from here on) c. (5pnts) Suppose that the innovation is such that Airbu s can (imperfectly) copy it, so if Boeing makes the investment Airbus’ costs fall to 2. How much is Boeing willing to pay now? d. (5pnts) If Airbus can perfectly copy the innovation, how much would Boeing be willing to pay? Why is Boeing willing to pay a positive amount? 11 WORK SPACE 12 WORK SPACE 13 5. There are two types of people in the world Sky Divers and Cat People. Both types have wealth W = 100 and utility functions U (W ) = ln(W ).Both types of people can have an accident that leads them to lose $50 of wealth. Sky Divers are riskier and have accidents 75% of the time, while Cat People have accidents only 25% of the time. The proportion of Sky Divers in the economy is pS and the proportion of Cat People is pC = 1 ? pS a. (5pnts) How much would each type be willing to pay for an insurance policy that fully reimbursed them in the event of an accident? b. (5pnts) Write down the equations that, if you solved them, would give the amount each type would be willing to pay f or insurance that covered half their losses? . (5pnts) What is the fair price of (full) insurance for each type (i. e. if an insurer knows which type he is dealing with)? What is the fair price if the insurer cannot distinguish the two types? d. (5pnts) Assume insurers cannot distinguish the two types and that insurance markets are competitive so prices are the fair prices. Describe prices and who is insured in equilibrium as a function of pS e. (5pnts) Discuss the meaning of adverse selection in the context of this example 14 WORK SPACE 15 WORK SPACE 16