Sigmund Freud :: essays research papers

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud, an Austrian conceived during the Habsburg Monarchy, was one of the pioneers of advanced brain research. The american historiam william johnston sees freud, the dad of therapy, among those characters "that one made austria a brilliant illustration of innovation in a world that had lost orientation." In his capacity as a neuropathologist freud came to understand that he had no away from of hypochondriac examples in spite of his throrough investigations of the human mind. From 1895 onwards he related seriously with the Viennese internist Josef Breuer. Both found that entrancing evacuated masochist symptons. The instance of patient Anna O. got celebrated. By applying this strategy, Freud came to comprehend the connection between passionate scatters and the arrangement of mental (around then primarily crazy) indications. Through mesmerizing as a strategy for "mental catharsis" the tolerant reviews and remembers stifled awful circumstances and is in the end mitigated and recuperated. Freud was presently persuaded that utilitarian sicknesses had a mental reason. In the accompanying he found how mental energies may casue physical side effects. In the wake of breaking with Breuer Freid discovered that the unusual passionate condition of depressed people was constantly connected with clashes including the sexual motivation. In view of these discoveries he develoepd his hypothesis on suppression furthermore, barrier just as the sexual part of masochist conduct. Freud was shamefully accused with "pansexualism". His hypotheses made a storm in meical circles and were regularly and vigorously dismissed. In any case, what Freud had hypothetically trained a large portion of his life was fairly a "dialectic of the sexual impulse" than its supremacy. Subsequent to breaking with Breuer Freud conveyed on his exploration work alone. Rather than trance he applied the technique for "free association" with his patients and before long perceived the traumtic effect of right on time sexual experience during adolescence, seducations with respect to grown-ups, most importantly the guardians. In 1877, experiencing his own masochist emergency, Freud found in a courageous self-investigation that patients' dreams and unrealistic reasoning as opposed to genuine encounters assume an oblivious job in the beginning of despondencies. Freud's discoveries kicked off something new in frequently misjudged regions like juvenile sexuality also, prompted a totally new and extended comprehension of sexuality. His epochal accomplishment was to help demonstrate the presence of the mind as an autonomous framework. In "Traumdeutung"/"The understanding of dreams" distributed in 1900, freud inveiled the fantasy as a hidden satisfaction of curbed wishes. Inside the European culture and development was a thrilling dsclosure of Freud's (occasionally additionally close to home) battle for self-acknowledgment and truth. With his contemplations, Frued affected brain research as well as present day time's origination ofthe world. His standards propelled the strategy of therapy, with himself as his first patient.

The Myth of Individualism Essay Example

The Myth of Individualism Essay The Myth of Individualism America is celebrated for the notoriety of being the place that is known for new chances at life, and for ages foreigners have fled to the United States to encounter the opportunity and uniformity our administration makes a case for. The principal of this notoriety is the American Dream, the conviction that life ought to be better and more extravagant and more full for everybody, with open door for each by persevering paying little heed to social class or conditions of birth(by James Truslow Adams). The American Dream is distinctive for everybody, however it is most usually connected with progress, opportunity, and joy. The idea of the American Dream appears to have dwindled from where it was in the previous barely any ages. It has gone from progress, opportunity, and bliss to having loads of cash and the most pleasant belongings. Additionally, it is accepted to be incognizant in regards to race, sex, or financial status. In today’s society we as a whole expectation and make progress toward this fantasy, yet what number of really accomplish the American Dream? Is it a sensible objective that Americans ought to take a stab at, or is it a fantasy that solitary prompts implosion? Rehashed models and insights of the lower-classes, those consistently confronting the cruel reality that chance and uniformity are vacant guarantees, just demonstrate the inverse. The endless accounts of inability to arrive at the American Dream essentially supersede the couple of examples of overcoming adversity that keep the legend alive. Be that as it may, these couple of examples of overcoming adversity keep Americans, just as the remainder of the world, trusting in the bogus open doors the American Dream advances. We will compose a custom paper test on The Myth of Individualism explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The Myth of Individualism explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on The Myth of Individualism explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer For ages, Americans have been persuaded that the American Dream is practical. Maybe the American Dream must be a fantasy to the lower classes. As per Maria La Ganga in her article â€Å"Tent City, USA,† numerous previous proprietors of the American dream are experiencing the American bad dream in the makeshift camp, battle to remain clean and took care of. In a similar vein, the individuals who endeavor to discredit the American Dream are viewed as un-American, as are immediately hushed. In any case, these couple of examples of overcoming adversity and allegations can't change reality; the American Dream isn't similarly feasible to all. Poor guardians can't offer their kids a similar consideration and inspiration as guardians of a higher-class can, in this manner never furnishing these youngsters with the conviction that they can achieve the American dream. Residents who live in destitution work extended periods of time for little compensation, yet come back to a family unit that not the slightest bit represents the difficult work set forth. Inside this condition, not many individuals have the inspirational standpoint to tutor kids effectively. Furthermore, numerous families don't make adequate salary to give sufficient food, lodging or medicinal services, thus then wellbeing conditions are definitely not quite the same as those of the privileged. Albeit numerous Americans are pleased with the unhindered commerce monetary structure in the US, entrepreneur arrangement is just extending the hole among rich and poor, keeping the lower-class away from accomplishing their American Dream. The American Dream was established on the backs of entrepreneurs and ranchers who at one time had the capacity to become independent men, however as Stephen Cruz called attention to in his meeting with Studs Terkel, Its getting so huge. The independent company adventure isn't there any longer. Business has gotten too huge to impact. Since the entrepreneur financial structure bolsters private proprietorship and development and restricts government intercession to forestall it, organizations have become large enough to have the qualities of imposing business models. Because of this, little organizations or ranchers can't in any way, shape or form contend with bigger stores or corporate homesteads that can without much of a stretch get them out or value them bankrupt. Also, private enterprise presents another abusive quality that is outside individual ability to control: class mastery. In this manner, despite the fact that America highly esteems being a ridiculous society, a class framework is unavoidable with an organized commerce financial framework on the grounds that the private and individualistic attributes power a differentiation between the wealthy and the less wealthy. Class qualification gives not just sentiments of mediocrity for the lower-classes, yet money related deficiency also. Higher-class kids have a preferred position from birth since they are ensured enormous aggregates of cash sooner or later in their lives. Besides, it is realized that it takes cash to bring in cash in a free enterprise framework thus the legacy laws just broaden the hole between the rich and poor, keeping the lower-class precisely where they began: on the base. The American dream can just offer void guarantees of equivalent chance to ucceed. Individuals are headed to buckle down by the idea of progress without having practically any opportunity to succeed. In any case, on the grounds that the American Dream is so profoundly implanted in our way of life, it enormously impacts our impression of others and our view of achievement. The all you need is difficult work to succeed outlook has urged Americans to display expensive belongings to give the persona of a diligent em ployee, while Americans who don't possess luxurious items are taken a gander at as languid or clumsy. In all actuality, most cases are inverse. It is evident that an American working long hour for the lowest pay permitted by law works more earnestly than an American who doesnt keep up an occupation since he lives off legacy cash, yet that isn't what the fantasy has educated us. In any event, for the individuals who have finished the American Dream, it’s redundant an upbeat consummation. In the story Ragged Dick, Horatio Alger expounds on a youthful man’s progress from poor foundation that scans for riches. In this story Dick has gone from clothes to newfound wealth, following his prosperity he needs to move to a more pleasant quarter of the city? In any case, will this move fulfill his needs? Despite the fact that Dick is moving to a superior piece of town, there will consistently be a spot that’s stunningly better than this. The American Dream has instructed us that every American has an equivalent chance to succeed and in light of the fact that it has been acknowledged for ages, the legend keeps on making us ignorant concerning the numerous disparities that forestall the lower class from arriving at their fantasy. Consequently, the American Dream will just leave lower-class Americans as they keep on observing their fantasies pass on, while they watch the fantasies of the higher-class bloom The American Dream doesn't offer expectation, yet rather keeps Americans in a similar class they were naturally introduced to. The example will continue from age to age, making the rich more extravagant and compelling the poor to become less fortunate except if move is made. This endless loop is an aftereffect of a blinding fantasy that gives bogus expectations, yet keeps the disparities of America from becoming the overwhelming focus. It appears as if the legend can't be debilitated, however then all things considered, with a little difficult work, one can do anything. Works Cited Terkel, Studs. Stephen Cruz. Rehashing America. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford/St. Alger, Horatio. â€Å"From Ragged Dick. † Rereading America. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford/St. Ganga, Maria La. Makeshift camp. Los Angeles Times [Los Angeles] 26 Mar. 2009. The Standard. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. .

EPD Workshop Notes COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

EPD Workshop Notes COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Workshops are a very popular part of the SIPA experience and many of our students are currently knee deep in their projects.   Last week Lacey Ramirez submitted a workshop post and now here another submitted by Beatriz Guillen. ____________________ As you have read in previous posts, the workshop project is one of the most exciting things while you are at SIPA. The Economic and Political Development Workshop is a five month consulting project on development issues. We work with a broad variety of clients: from UN agencies, to developing countries’ governments, NGOs, etc. In a nutshell, the workshop is structured as follows: you do much of the research and planning in New York and then travel twice to the country to do some field work.   Half of the group travels during the winter break, and half during the Spring break. By last week, almost all the teams had returned from their destination countries after their first trip. Sierra Leone, Uganda, Sri Lanka, Kazakhstan, Chile and Jamaica were among the 15 different countries where students traveled. These days everyone is eager to tell their stories about adventures abroad. The EPD department organized a session with all the workshop participants, where we could share not only pictures and fun stories, but also challenges and lessons learned. We were amazed at the great lengths that people who traveled went to in order to stay in contact with the part of the team that stayed in New York: from climbing to a tree to reach some cell reception, to driving around Addis Ababa to get an Internet connection to Skype with the rest of their team members. Below, there are some pictures from the team that traveled to Jamaica and from one of the teams that traveled to Ethiopia. The new market at Kingston In a rural village in Ethiopia

The Career Options For Majors - 1689 Words

There are many career options for majors in the English language to choose from. The list of careers for them is quite large. Some of them are direct career options in which the skills required are so similar to the skills acquired while studying English that a degree in this field can serve as a credential for applying for and getting a job. There are also indirect career options where a degree in English is necessary but may not be sufficient for qualifying for the job. There are some remote carrier options also where the main requirement is not a degree in English but it serves as an advantage in those type of careers. The following is the list of careers directly open to English majors. In today s dynamic world new career options keep opening up all the time so the options will keep on widening. List of careers in teaching: SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHER: To instruct junior high school and high school students in specialized subjects. Many of the secondary school teachers may teach several courses in a particular subject area. Most schools require certification. SPECIAL PROGRAM TEACHERS: To instruct students who have joined special educational programs. May be employed by social service agencies, churches, government, etc. The topics to be taught vary widely and may include vocational training, drug abuse/prevention, etc. List of careers in print media: COPY READER/COPY EDITOR: To edit printed copy for errors in grammar, syntax and style.Works in a variety ofShow MoreRelatedHow to Decide on Your Major Essay706 Words   |  3 Pages Deciding on a major seems like a very tedious task and it always feel like your friends already got their future planned out. Even if you do decide on your major, it is not guaranteed that you will stick with it, because your interest might change. Deciding on your major earlier on can get you prepared to go into that field by taking similar classes or even looking more into it. Deciding on a major is an important process and it involves 3 different steps: your interest and hobbies, your probableRead MoreReport On The Field Of Business Management Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesManagement All About? Introduction Business management is a very broad field of choice which gives people the opportunity to choose from many careers options. This particular field trains one for roles as managers in many sectors such as education, retail, technology and more. There are many skills one obtains from choosing business management as their major. People learn how to develop strategies, plans, procedures and policies that guide a business on both a day-to-day and long term basis. ManagersRead MoreIdaho State University Resources Research Project1281 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents is sometimes they do not know what major they should choose or career path they should follow. 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Although I came into college confidently declared as a psychology major, I didn’t really know what this meant or entailed prior to taking this course. This course taught me valuable information about myself, about the field of psychology, and about how I can mold those two together. All that I’ve learned this semester in Orientation to PsychologyRead MoreCollege Classes Expand the Mind792 Words   |  4 Pagesundeclared major, I ha ve no desire in pursuing a mathematics career. Spending countless hours completing these endless equations simply do me no good besides earning me a good grade in the class. This concept of doing meaningless work is shown in many of my courses I am currently taking. Why do I need to take these pointless freshman classes that have nothing to do with my intended major or career? This idea led me to other thoughts about my cloudy future. Since I am undecided about my major, it seemsRead MoreWhen Students Should Declare Their Major863 Words   |  4 Pagestheir Major The post-millennial generation has a lot more to consider when choosing a future career than past generations. Students graduating from high school come from a place with strict rules and an inflexible syllabus. These students are only now given the freedom to think for themselves and to discover who they are, what their skills are and what they are passionate about. It is more beneficial for students to establish a foundation in an array of disciplines before declaring a major. A foundationRead MoreI Am Pursuing A Master s Degree Essay1072 Words   |  5 Pageshad a small idea of what I was looking at in my profession. I have learned a great deal about my major since my first in my class. I am going to talk about the research I have done and the outcome of the personality traits that my profession requires as well as the career options I have. I have strong career goals and believe that I will be successful in my chosen career path. Overview My major is healthcare administration and some of my responsibilities include planning, organizing, attendingRead MoreMy First Day Of Class Introduction Letter Discussion Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagessemester, I wasn’t sure about my major option. Entering Fresno State as a transfer student, I declared my major as Business Administration with the option of Entrepreneurship. Even though I had declared my option, I was also considering Marketing. The classes in the Entrepreneurship option didn’t excite me as the classes in Marketing did. With that, I changed my option to Marketing. The cover letter assignment also helped me make my decision to change my major option. Because I was still considering

`` The Handmaid s Tale `` By Margaret Atwood And Gary Ross

‘Speculation on the future reveals the present’ The 1986 Novel ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ written by Margaret Atwood and Gary Ross’ 2012 film ‘The Hunger Games’ are dystopian texts that reflect the genre of dystopian literature and the context in which they were composed. The conventional themes through which they do this are uniformity, technology and removal from present time as well as how these concepts are manipulated to create new meanings. In Atwood’s 1986 novel ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ the theme of uniformity, conventional to dystopian literature arises from the consideration of America’s fundamentalist Christian society. The convention of a ruling society or class is manipulated to be presented as a fundamentalist theocracy. The theme is especially evident where the persona and Ofglen go in pairs to do the shopping. They are both handmaids so their attire is identical and their conversation is so structured that it is almost scripted. Ofglen farewells the persona in the correct way and in reply she says: â€Å"Under His Eye† I reply, and she gives a little nod. She hesitates, as if to say something more, but then she turns away and walks down the street. I watch her. She’s like my own reflection, in a mirror from which I am moving away. The use of first person within these lines results in a sense of irony as first person narration is used to create a feeling of of individuality, which is the opposite of the theme of uniformity which requires total conformity to societal

Quality Management Free Essays

Elan employs 3 full-time workers year round and 7 seasonal employees in the summer months. Elan Management has been successful through the con injections it has with one of America’s top builders, DRP Horton. DRP Horton has chosen Elan Management as one Of its go-to management communities in the Atlanta metro area. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Elan does a good job of quality control in keeping the clients happy but there are several competitors in this industry and in order for the company to grow, Elan will need to implement ways to improve quality through quality planning and assurance. Robber Statement We are focused on becoming the go-to firm for other builders in the metro Atlanta area. We have deiced that we have an issue with quality planning and implementation which is needed if the company is to grow in the next few years as it would like. Elan is looking to obtain on average 3- 4 new clients per year. The current quality planning initiatives are basically non-existent. It appears to be more of a â€Å"go with the flow’ type of planning. In other words, if something comes up, then it will be handled, if not no one worries about it. This process is not sustainable for growth and the company will never gain more clientele. We need to incorporate procedures on how to build clientele and implement those procedures timely. When Elan Management opened in 2008, we had 6 clients (communities). Over the next 4 years, we gained 8 more clients. These clients were assigned to us directly by the builder of the communities. There was no effort on our part to obtain the communities. In the past 2 years, 4 of the communities have since turned over to the homeowners and we no longer manage them. The goal of all homeowner’s associations is to eventually turnover to the homeowners if they are willing. If we are unable to develop better quality management skills, we will eventually have no clients and will continue to wait for DRP Horton or other builders to provide hem to us instead of us attempting to get the clients on our own. Literature Review As stated by Catalina â€Å"In the current market economy, companies are constantly struggling to achieve a sustained competitive advantage that will enable them to improve performance, which results in increased competitiveness, and of course, profit. Among the few competitive advantages that can become sustainable competitive advantages, quality plays a crucial 234) In the current state, Elan cannot compete with those top local management agencies such as Community Management Associates or All Property Management which have oratorios that is considerably larger than ours. We have to be willing to create ways to better market our company to potential clients. Although, we are able to maintain the quality with our current clients, future clients are seemingly unaware of our existence. As stated by Crosby ‘There is no such thing as a quality problem. Problems originate in functional departments. Thus, a firm may experience accounting problems, manufacturing problems, design problems, technical support problems, and so on. In Crosby view, these are all quality problems, but the burden of the responsibility for solving them falls on these national departments and not in the quality department. The role of the quality department should be to measure conformance, report results, and provide leadership and support to drive quality improvement. † (p. 3) Since Elan Management is such a small company, there is no dedicated quality department to turn to for answers on quality improvement so each individual employee in some way will need to contribute to the quality process. According to Schroeder, â€Å"Managers and employees should be trained in the quality initiatives the company has implemented. Employees should be a part of the process in developing methods to assist in getting other employees involved in quality improvement and acceptance. † (p. 6) As I stated above, since Elan doesn’t have a quality management team, all employees should have input in the quality process. Not only will it benefit the clients that we serve but it will also increase employee morale. Although there are only 3 full-time employees, having them involved would show them that they are appreciated and their opinions are valued. According to Kenton, â€Å"the process of collaborative planning can promote networks, coordination, and buy-in that promotes implementation, even if the plan itself is not directly influential. † (p. 436) So, having a bottom-up approach and including members of the entire company is beneficial overall even if it doesn’t fully result in what was expected. The quality experience process occurs when firms (alone or with customers) deliver attributes for customers to experience and customers perceive these attributes through the lens of their measurement knowledge and motivation, emotions, and expectations. † (Colder, p. 4) Incorporating ways to enhance the customer experience is critical. Including customers in the process through voic e-of-the-customer (VOCE) analysis with customer input would be helpful. Many organizations currently invest in quality improvement programmers. However, the literature has revealed that many companies felt that the quality improvement programmers had fallen short of their expectations and that these programmers were not generating the anticipated improvements (L am, 1997). The key reason for this gap between quality improvement expectations and the realization of benefits is the absence of an effective quality planning process before its implementation (Curran and Godlier, 2000). Thus, quality planning is identified as the most significant phase in a corporate quality management process requiring ore attention. † (Generate, p. 02) As Generate states, quality plan inning is pertinent to the quality management process. Companies have to create a clear cut plan in order to become successful. In order for companies to be in a position to improve and offer a higher standard of quality, they must come up with avenues to make it happen. Analysis Elan Management’s problem starts with the lack of a quality planning proce ss. By not having a quality plan, we are not allowing ourselves to improve and go after what we want, which is increased clientele. Elan blames a lot Of its lack Of progression on the size Of he company rather than its lack of utilizing available resources. Just because the company is small does not mean that it cannot grow and be as successful as those larger management firms in the area. The owner must realize the importance of providing quality to the clients and how we have managed for this long. Clearly, we are capable since we are still in business. Although, an actually quality management department cannot be created with the amount of staff we have, it is possible to hire an expert that could lead us in the right direction. â€Å"Project management requires achieving cost, schedule, and performance arrests while providing an outcome that satisfies the client. A measure of the value of the project to the client is the level of quality associated with the completed project. â€Å"(Liberator, p. 422) For Elan, our project is simply how do we get more clients and once we get the clients how do we not only keep them but also have them to refer others to us as well. With property management, our clients are the Board of Directors for each community. If the Board feels we are doing a great job, they will be more inclined when a friend or relative gives them a horror story about their HOW management many, to let them know about us and all the things we offer that would benefit their community. Recommendations have a few recommendations for Elan Management. First, I would suggest root-cause analysis. In root-cause analysis, organizations must identify the root causes of their quality problems and fix them rather than only dealing with the symptoms of the problems. In order to get to the root of the problem, Six Sigma should be used. In the Analyze phase, we ask the 5 Whys to get to the root. By starting here, we begin to see what how the problem arose and leading to the next steps o resolve them. Secondly, I would suggest benchmarking which is when the company examines other like companies so they are able to take actions that will lead to performance improvement. Researching your competition is essential as you all are reaching out to the same clients. Whichever company has the better plan or more knowledgeable, better quality product or service will more than likely surpass the others. Elan needs to plan, plan, and plan in order to be successful. Allowing the company to basically move freely without structure is not going to allow Elan to receive the type of clients hey want or even gain more clients. How to cite Quality Management, Essays

Science and Religion Essay Example

Science and Religion Essay RELIGION and science are sometimes assumed mortal enemies. To some they appear locked in a struggle of such magnitude that it may seem that one will triumph only by the death of the other. In one camp are some scientists, such as chemist Peter Atkins, who feel that reconciling religion and science is â€Å"impossible.† Atkins says that to believe â€Å"that God is an explanation (of anything, let alone everything) is intellectually contemptible.† (as quoted by Russel, 45) In another camp are religious people who blame science for the destruction of faith. Such individuals hold to the opinion that science as practiced today is a deception; its facts may be correct, but the misinterpretation of those facts undermines the beliefs of the faithful. For instance, biologist William Provine says that Darwinism means â€Å"no ultimate foundation for ethics; no ultimate meaning for life.† (as quoted by McGrath, 41) However, some of the conflict has developed because of false or not provable assertions originating from both sides. For centuries, religious leaders have taught mythical legends and erroneous dogmas that are at odds with modern scientific findings and not based on inspired Scripture. For example, the Roman Catholic Church condemned Galileo because he concluded, correctly, that the earth revolves around the sun. Galileo’s view in no way contradicted the Bible, but it was contrary to what the church taught at the time. On the other hand, scientists are at fault when they teach as fact the ‘not-provable’ theory that life evolved from inanimate matter independent of God. They ridicule religious faith as unscientific. Is it possible, then, to reconcile science and religion? Yes, it is. Actually, proven science and true religion complement rather than contradict each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Science and Religion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Science and Religion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Science and Religion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Similarities and Differences of Science and Religion BOTH science and religion, in their noblest forms, involve the search for truth. Science discovers a world of magnificent order, a universe that contains distinctive marks of intelligent design. True religion makes these discoveries meaningful by teaching that the mind of the Creator lies behind the design manifest in the physical world. â€Å"I find my appreciation of science is greatly enriched by religion,† says Francis Collins, a molecular biologist. He continues: â€Å"When I discover something about the human genome, I experience a sense of awe at the mystery of life, and say to myself, ‘Wow, only God knew before.’ It is a profoundly beautiful and moving sensation, which helps me appreciate God and makes science even more rewarding for me.† (as quoted by McGrath, 42-43) What will help one to reconcile science and religion? Among the basic concerns of both science and religion is the theory concerning astronomy as well as to how the universe came forth. It could be noticed how different both sides are upon seeing the possibilities of the coming forth of an awesome universe which is being studied by science right now. However, recent results on researches in science have paved way to the potential of the so-called ‘religious belief’, which could be in direct connection with what science have discovered just recently. These are times of astonishment on a scale previously unknown. New discoveries from space are forcing astronomers to revise their views of the origin of our universe. Many people are fascinated with the cosmos and are asking the ancient questions that are raised by people’s existence in it: How did the universe and life come about and why? Even if people look in the other direction, the recent mapping of the human genetic code raises the questions: How were the multitudes of life forms created? Moreover, who, if anyone, created them? The sheer complexity of the genetic blueprint of humans moved a U.S. president to say, â€Å"We are learning the language in which God created life.† (as quoted by Raman, 47) One of the chief scientists involved in the genetic decoding humbly remarked: â€Å"We have caught the first glimpse of our own instruction book, previously known only to God.† (Barbour, 21) However, the questions persist—how and why? Some scientists claim that all the workings of the universe can be explained by rational analysis, leaving no room for divine wisdom. However, many people, including scientists, are not comfortable with that view. They attempt to comprehend reality by looking to both science and religion. They feel that science deals with the how of our existence and of the cosmos around us, while religion deals principally with the why. Explaining this dual approach, physicist Freeman Dyson said: â€Å"Science and religion are two windows that people look through trying to understand the big universe outside.† â€Å"Science deals with the measurable, religion deals with the immeasurable,† suggested author William Rees-Mogg. (as quoted by Raman, 22) He said: â€Å"Science can neither prove nor disprove the existence of God, any more than it can prove or disprove any moral or aesthetic proposition. There is no scientific reason to love one’s neighbor or to respect human life . . . To argue that nothing exists which cannot be proved scientifically is the crudest of errors, which would eliminate almost everything we value in life, not only God or the human spirit, but love and poetry and music.† (as quoted by Raman, 23) It is fitting to have proper respect for scientific knowledge and achievements. However, many will agree that while science involves a way of knowing, it is not the only source of knowledge. The purpose of science is to describe phenomena in the natural world and to assist in answering how these phenomena occur. Science provides us with insights into the physical universe, meaning everything that is observable. Nevertheless, no matter how far scientific investigation goes, it can never answer the question of purpose—why the universe exists in the first place. â€Å"There are some questions that scientists can never answer,† remarks author Tom Utley. â€Å"It may be that the Big Bang happened 12  billion years ago. However, why did it happen? .  .  . How did the particles get there in the first place? What was there before?† Utley concludes: â€Å"It seems.  .  . clearer than ever that science will never satisfy the human hunger for answers.† (Russell, 47) Scientific knowledge gained through such inquisitiveness, far from disproving the need for a God, has only served to confirm what a fantastically complex, intricate, and awe-inspiring world we live in. Many thinking people find it plausible to conclude that the physical laws and chemical reactions as well as DNA and the amazing diversity of life all point to a Creator. There is irrefutable proof to the contrary. If there is a Creator behind the universe, we cannot expect to comprehend him or his purposes by using telescopes, microscopes, or other scientific instruments. Think of a potter and a vase that he has formed. No amount of examination of the vase itself can give an answer as to why it was made. For that, we must ask the potter himself. Molecular biologist Francis Collins explains how faith and spirituality can help fill the void science leaves: â€Å"I would not expect religion to be the right tool for sequencing the human genome and by the same token would not expect science to be the means to approaching the supernatural. However, on the interesting larger questions, such as ‘Why are we here?’ or ‘Why do human beings long for spirituality?’ I find science unsatisfactory. Many superstitions have come into existence and then faded away. Faith has not, which suggests it has reality.† (as quoted by Russell, 45) Functions of the Scientific and Religious theories In an overall context, it could be considered that both Science and Religion play a great role in the human society. Their existence in the society makes it possible for man to understand things that are occurring around him. Certainly, it could then be identified that both sectors could be considered as functional factors for the human life. How? Science continues to discover ways by which man could understand the system of things that evolve around him, along with this, the ability of Science to uncover the mysteries that man used to misunderstand has helped humanity progress a lot with regards to the new inventions of technology, which are patterned from the different theoretical claims of Science. On the other hand, Religion functions as a social regulator. The Bible, which is known to be the basis of most existing religions in the human society, also uncovers the mysteries behind life and creation, which dated back much earlier than science. Hence, most Scientists consider the Bible fallacious because, according to them, the Bible does not provide much strong evidence to its claims. However, upon discovering reality through the processes that scientists believe t be authenticated, they finally understand that what the Bible claims to be true is indeed real since the evidences which they find out pertain to the claims of the Bible. This fact could be regarded through the progress. By the ninth century, Arab scientists were fast becoming the leaders in matters of science. Particularly during the 10th and 11th centuries—while Christendom marked time—they enjoyed a golden age of accomplishment. They made valuable contributions to medicine, chemistry, botany, physics, astronomy, and above all, mathematics. Maan Z.  Madina, associate professor of Arabic at Columbia University, says, â€Å"Modern trigonometry as well as algebra and geometry are in considerable measure Arab creations.† (as quoted by Eliade, 41) Much of this scientific knowledge was original. However, some of it was based on the broad foundation of Greek philosophy and was brought about, strangely enough, by religious involvement. Comparatively early in the Common Era, Christendom spread into Persia and afterward into Arabia and India. During the fifth century, Nestorius, the patriarch of Constantinople, became embroiled in a controversy that led to a schism within the Eastern Church. This led to the forming of a breakaway group, the Nestorians. In the seventh century, when the new religion of Islam burst onto the world scene and began its campaign of expansion, the Nestorians were quick to pass on their knowledge to their Arab conquerors. According to The Encyclopedia of Religion, â€Å"the Nestorians were the first to promote Greek science and philosophy by translating Greek texts into Syrian and then into Arabic.† (Raman, 41) They were also â€Å"the first to introduce Greek medicine into Baghdad.† Arab scientists began building upon the things they learned from the Nestorians. Arabic replaced Syrian as the language of science in the Arab empire and proved to be a language that lent itself well to scientific writing. However, the Arabs gave as well as took. When the Moors moved into Europe through Spain—to stay for over 700 years—they brought along an enlightened Muslim culture. Moreover, during the eight so-called Christian Crusades, between 1096 and 1272, Western crusaders were impressed by the advanced Islamic civilization with which they came in contact. They returned, as one author put it, with â€Å"a host of new impressions.† Beginning in the 12th century, the flame of learning that had burned brightly in the Muslim world began to dim. It was rekindled, however, in Europe as groups of scholars began forming the forerunners of modern universities. In the middle of the 12th century, the universities of Paris and of Oxford came into being. The University of Cambridge followed in the early 13th century and those of Prague and of Heidelberg both in the 14th. By the 19th century, universities had become major centers of scientific research. (Russell, 47) Originally, these schools were strongly influenced by religion, most studies centering on or slanted toward theology. However, at the same time, the schools accepted Greek philosophy, particularly the writings of Aristotle. According to The Encyclopedia of Religion, â€Å"the Scholastic method.  .  . throughout the Middle Ages.  .  . was structured according to the Aristotelian logic of defining, dividing, and reasoning in its exposition of the text and its resolution of difficulties.† (Russell, 48) One 13th-century scholar intent on combining Aristotelian learning with Christian theology was Thomas Aquinas, later called the â€Å"Christian Aristotle.† Nevertheless, on some points he differed with Aristotle. Aquinas rejected, for example, the theory that the world had always existed, agreeing with the Scriptures that it had been created. By holding â€Å"firmly to the belief that the earth and the entire creation is an ordered universe that can be comprehended by the light of reason,† says The Book of Popular Science, he â€Å"made a valuable contribution to the development of modern science.† (Raman, 41) For the most part, however, the teachings of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen were accepted as gospel truth, even by the church. The aforementioned reference work explains: â€Å"In the Middle Ages, when interest in scientific experiment and direct observation was at low ebb, Aristotle’s word was law. Ipse dixit (‘He himself said it’) was the argument that medieval schoolmen used to prove the truth of many a ‘scientific’ observation. Under these circumstances the errors of Aristotle, particularly in physics and astronomy, held up scientific progress for centuries.† (Raman, 56) One who challenged this blind adherence to former views was the 13th-century Oxford friar Roger Bacon. Called â€Å"the greatest figure in medieval science,† Bacon was almost alone in advocating experimentation as a means of learning scientific truths. It is said that as early as 1269, clearly centuries ahead of his time, he predicted automobiles, airplanes, and motorized ships. Yet, despite foresight and a brilliant mind, Bacon was limited in his knowledge of the facts. He strongly believed in astrology, magic, and alchemy. This demonstrates that science is indeed an ongoing search for truth, always subject to revision. Although scientific investigation appeared to lie dormant in the 14th century, as the 15th  century neared its end, mankind’s search for scientific truth was far from over. In fact, the next 500 years would far overshadow what had preceded them. The world stood on the threshold of a scientific revolution. The details broken down in this paper regarding the developments of Science have contributed so much on the social progress of the human generations which also depends on different religious advances as well. Conclusion As it could be seen, Science and Religion are two interconnected social factors that pertain to a single theme, to make it easier for humans to understand how their world evolves and how the systems could affect their lives. Directly, both social factors influence people’s beliefs and views on living. Hence, it could be noted that the theories and beliefs created by both studies and affiliation creates mass knowledge of the essential understandings that the human civilization should know.